AN UNUSUAL INSECT: THE HOVER FLY, IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

AN UNUSUAL INSECT: THE HOVER FLY, IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Recently, I came across a most unusual looking bee-like/wasp-like insect on a plant in northern Los Angeles County, southern California. It is a moderately large insect with a broad body and two big and long, transparent wings. I had never seen a bee like this one! It reminded me of a wasp with its vivid yellow-and-black markings, yet it lacked the narrow “waist” of a wasp. After consulting my few books about insects, I was “batting zero.” None of the books even mentioned anything like what I found, let alone, figured it! Then, I turned to my computer and started looking for information about bee-like insects. Very soon, I came across “hover flies” [improperly also known as “hover bees”]. These insects, which are broader and much flatter than bees and wasps, hover over flowers (especially yellow or white flowers, e.g., sunflowers, Gazania, Iris, etc) in search of aphids. Hover flies are up to 2.5 inches long, with brightly colored yellow stripes on their abdomen. They have relatively short antennae with only a few segments. They also have one set of long, transparent wings. Not only do hover bees eat pests, they are great pollinators. Also, hoverflies do not make nests.

The hover fly I found belongs to genus Eupeodes = the western aphid-eater. This hoverfly occurs from California to Washington, most of British Columbia [western Canada], as well as Texas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. Hover bees can tolerate cool weather. These insects are harmless; they mimic wasps in order to protect themselves from  predators.

Shown above is a female? hover fly (Eupeodes sp.), dorsal view, 2.3 inches long) found April, 2025, on a boysenberry leaf in garden in Santa Clarita, northern Los Angeles County, southern California. 

Hover-fly males look different than females. The large eyes of the males meet in the middle (forming a continuous black area), whereas the eyes of the females are separated The specimen in the above photograph looks like the eyes are somewhat separated..

Hover flies occur from March to November. They have no nests  

Their classification is:

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Arthropoa

Class Insecta

Order Diptera

Family Syrphidae

Genus Eupeodes

Species E. fumipennis

Fossil Record: As would be expected for an insect, hoverflies are poorly represented in the fossil record. The earliest known occurrence is in a lacustrine (lake) deposit of Oligocene age in France (Nidergas et al., 2018). According to this publication, it is possible that the geologic record of hoverlies is as old as the Late Cretaceous (in Siberia). 

Sources of Data:

https://www.inaturalist.org.taxa  This site has MANY (hundreds) photos of hover bees.

https://explorer.natureserve.org

Nidergas, V. and three others. 2018. The first pipizine hoverfly from the Oligocene of Cereste, France. Acta Paleontologica 63(6):539-548. [pdf is free and readily available].

Wikipedia

THE SUNFLOWER: MOST EVERYONE RECOGNIZES IT, BUT FEW KNOW ITS GEOLOGIC HISTORY

The evolutionary history of sunflowers dates back to middle Eocene time, about 48 million years ago. That is when the former supercontinent Gondwanaland “broke apart,” forming South America, Australia, Africa, India, and Antarctica. The sunflower evolved in an ancient subtropical environment, most likely in northwest Patagonia, South America. The earliest fossils of sunflowers are extremely rare, especially considering that they are of two complete fossil flowers, with some associated pollen grains (Barreda, 2010).

Sunflowers were probably first domesticated in Mexico. Early Spanish explorers carried seeds from American plants to Europe (Wikipedia, 2025).

The classification of the sunflower is:

Kingdom Plantae

Order Asterales

Family Asteraceae (= the daisy family)

Genus Helianthus 

Species H. annuus

The tallest record of a sunflower is 9.17 m (30 feet an one inch) (guinnessworldrecord.com). Interestingly, young sunflowers track the sun, thus they exhibit heliotropism) in odrer to maximize sunlight absorption for photosynthesis.

Sunflowers usually die each year, but they can reseed themselves and grow back. These flowers are referred to as “annuals.” Their species name indicates this fact. The sunflower illustrated below was, indeed, an annual that grew during a rather mild winter this past year in southern California. Other sunflower plants, however, are perennial and will return from their roots each year.

Sunflowers can be a color other than the usual bright yellow. They can be blue, purple, red, reddish, orange, or even very light-yellow. These cultivated variations are referred to as “cultivares” of the color (e.g., red, orange) (Wikipedia, 2025).

Each sunflower blossom is a composite flower. The outer part of the sunflower has large so-called petals, but more properly referred to as “ray flowers,” which are sterile. The black ring/disk (= the “flowerhead” or pseudanthium), at/near the center the plant consists, however, of numerous tiny “disk flowers,” also known as florets (Figures 3, 4, and 5, below). These are true, fertile tiny flowers that contain pollen  (https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/chi).

Note: There can be considerable and "mind-blogging," genetic variation in the details of features of the black ring/disks and their flowers, even when they are part of the same sunflower plant (i.e., emanating from the same stem). The variation includes such features like the thickness of the ring/disk, the width of the band of florets, the shape of some florets, the color of the florets (some are yellow but some can be blue), etc. The details are far beyond the scope of a blog.

Sunflower seeds develop in association with the “disk flower,” after they have visited by flying insects. These seeds are a popular snack food, and they are harvested each year, after the sunflower plant has been pollinated by flying insects. There are two types of commercial sunflower seeds (small, all-black seeds, used for sunflower oil; and the larger non-oil seeds that are black and white “striped” and used in food (sunflowernsa.com.) (Figure 6). The non-oil seeds are the official state flower of the state of Kansas, in the United States.

References cited:

Barreda, V.D. 2010. Fossils of the daisy family. Science, v. 329, no. 5999. Online access to this journal requires a subscription.\

guinnessworldrecord.com

https://www. ndsu.edu/pubweb/chi)

sunflowernsa.com

Wikipedia. 2025.

                    FIGURES FOR THE TEXT GIVEN ABOVE

Fig. 1. A field of sunflowers (photo courtesy of Lindsey T. Groves, Collections Manager of Mollusks at the Los Angeles Natural History Museum).

Fig. 2. A home grown-sunflower plant (in my backyard) with the flower at the top not yet open. When this photo was taken, the plant was 5 feet tall. It eventually stopped growing at 6 feet tall. That was when the bulb at the top of the plant opened up and a yellow flower appeared.

Fig. 3. Same plant as shown previously. The bulb at the top is about ready to open up.

Fig. 4. An open bulb at the top of a sunflower immediately adjacent to the plant shown in the previous two photographs. The long, yellow petals surrounding the “black” central disk are called “ray flowers,” whereas the tiny yellow “dots” [in a ring that encircles the central-black] disk are the true, fertile individual flowers, commonly referred to as “disk flowers” or “florets.” The tiny yellow “dots” contain yellow pollen. The center of the central disk is black, without any florets or other recognizable structures.

Fig. 5. Close-up of another open-bulb at the top of another sunflower near the one shown in the previous figure. Diameter of the entire “black disk” 4.5 cm, with a ring of very tiny, five-rayed yellow “disk flowers (florets).” These florets have yellow pollen attached to them, and the pollen falls off, easily just by being touched with a finger (or by the encounter with a bee crawling around over the disk).

Fig. 6. Honey bees feeding on the pollen a sunflower (photo courtesy of Lindsey T. Groves, Collections Manager of Mollusks at the Los Angeles Natural History Museum).

Fig. 7. Non-oil sunflower seeds (the biggest ones are approximately 0.5 inches long). The seeds grow only within the centrally located, black-disk area.

Iris Flowers: Beauty With a Geologic History

The word “iris” is a Greek word pertaining to rainbows, because the flowers of this flower have many colors. “Iris” aptly describes also the various colors of the human eye. There is an iris in the eyes of most mammals and birds. The iris controls the diameter size of the pupil, which is the black dot = the eye’s aperture. It is also interesting to note that the very distinctive, three prominent petals of Iris flowers stand for “faith, wisdom, and valor.” As a final note, it is interesting that these flowers grow on very long stems.

The iris plant had its beginnings during a warm-climate time of middle Late Cretaceous time, about 80 million years ago. It possibly originated in what is now Turkey or Syria. The cultivation of Iris began with the early Egyptians.

It was introduced in the 1600s to North America via European settlers. Iris plants are hearty and require low maintenance (well-drained soil, appropriate amount of sunlight, etc.). They do well in many climates. Today, there are now between 200 and 300 species. Most are readily affordable from nurseries and have been by called by some gardeners as “a poor-mans’ orchid.” They grow from blubs and bloom in early spring to early summer. They have even bloomed as early as early February in sunny southern California.

Iris plants belong to family Iridacea and genus Iris.

The irises figured below are classified Iris x hollandica (a hybrid commonly known as the “Dutch Iris.”). The “Dutch Iris developed from species native to Portugal, Spain, and North Africa. Iris flowers can be any color (blue, purple, yellow, white, red—or any combination thereof). They nearly always have minor patches of another color (i.e., commonly yellow). Thus, white ones are not all white. Irises grow back each year because they are perennials. Nevertheless, some gardeners treat them as annuals (die off after a year), discarding the old plant and planting fresh bulbs each years.

Irises are toxic to cats and dogs, but the highest concentration of toxins is in the underground rhizomes of these plants.

Figure 1. Long-stemmed blue and yellow Iris, width of a single flower 5 inches.

Figure 2. From the cluster of flowers in previous image is a close-up view of a single Iris flower, width 5 inches. 

Figure 3. Close-up view of a white Iris flower, width 5 inches (as well as a partial view of an adjacent flower).

Figure 4. Close-up view of a lavender, white, and yellow Iris flower, width 5.5 inches (as well as a partial view of an adjacent flower. 

Figure 5. Close-up view of a blue and white Iris flower, width 4.5 inches. Note: this flower was photographed in an early version of my family’s garden, in  2014. 

References Consulted

Waters, T. 2016. The evolution of irises. A blog article.

World of irises. [A blog of the American Iris Society]. https://the american iris society.blogspot.com/2016/the-evolution-of-irises.html 

Another informative blog about Iris is: https://funny how flowers do that.co.uk

TWO “TONNIDS” OF SEASHELL

These seashells belong to Tonnidae, a small family of shallow-marine gastropods that live today in tropical habitats, in both shallow and relatively deep waters. These animals have medium size to some rather large shells that are sub-spherical with a low spire and a very large, enveloping last whorl having an aperture (= “opening”) that accommodates their very large "foot," which is used for crawling around and for digging. Tonnid shells are rather thin and fragile. The family name of these gastropods is derived from their having a shell shape resembling wine casks (a.k.a “tuns.”).

Tonnids are carnivores that live semi-faunally (at or near the ocean-floor) in soft-substrates, in both shallow and relatively deep ocean waters. During the day, these animals burrow into the sandy bottoms. At night, they emerge and feed on crustaceans, sea cucumbers (they eat them whole!), and bivalves. Some of the larger tonnid species also capture fish by using their expandable proboscis (mouth area) to also swallow them whole.

The classification (via Wikipideia) of tonnids is:

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Mollusca

Class Gastropoda

Order Littorinimorpha

Superfamily Tonnoida

Family Tonnidae

Genus Tonna

Two representative large-sized examples are shown below:  

                                                                                     

                                                                 Tonna galea [a.k.a. “the giant tun) 

This species, whose thin shell is characterized by brown bands and yellow/brownish spots, lives in shallow, warm seas of the Caribbean, Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Indo-Pacific waters. It is also found in North Carolina, Argentina, Portugal, and Nambia. It prefers to live on offshore reefs, as well as bays and coves, on rock, sand, or shelly bottoms. Dimensions of illustrated shell: 17 cm, width 11.5 cm. [Note: this species is used as food by some humans].

                                                                                               

                                                              Tonna tesselata

This rather common species, whose thin shell is characterized by white bands with yellow/brownish spots, lives in shallow waters (e.g., offshore reefs, or bays and coves: on rocks in South Africa and the Western Pacific. Dimensions of illustrated shell: height 14 cm, width 12 cm.

Cited Referenences

Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Part B (of a two-volume set). Fauna of Australia Volume 5, Part B, CSIRO Publishing, Melourne, (see pp. 802-803). 

Wikipedia. 2025.

WESTERN POND TURTLE:MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE

This post concerns Actinemys pallida, the so-called “southwestern pond turtle” but does not include its northern relative, A. marmorata, which is confined to British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California.

Actinemys pallida is restricted to southern California and Baja, Mexico. It is a species that is vulnerable (i.e., threatened by human activities). This turtle species lives in both permanent and intermittent lakes and marshes, where it feeds on aquatic insects, crayfish, tadpoles, small fish, and small frogs. 

The classification of A. pallida is:

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Reptile

Order Testudines

Family Emydidae

Genus Actinmys

Species A. pallida 

Actinemys pallida shown here are about an estimated seven to eight inches long (with its head extended), and having  a dark-colored upper shell (carapace). This turtle is referred to as a “basking turtle,” because on sunny days, it leaves the freshwater source, crawls a short distance on the bank, and then basks in the sunlight. These turtles are hard to photograph without a telephoto lens. These animals are very shy and quickly dive into the water if they spot you. One has to stay a considerable distance away, so as not to "spook them." That is why some of my images do not have sharp focus.

The geologic record of the earliest known fresh-water turtles is very poorly known, with generalizations and speculations readily available online. The the most often-mentioned geologic time for the earliest fresh-water turtles is either the late Permian, Triassic, or the late Cretaceous. Amid all this confusion, it is pertinent to mention the recent discovery of fossil remains of soft-shelled turtles and pond turtles (as well as abundant alligator fossils, tapirs, brontotheres, etc.) in lower Eocene rocks on Elsmere Island, in Canada’s high-arctic area (see Eberle and Greenwood, 2012). These turtle fossils might well be one of the earliest confirmable geologic recordsof pond turtles.    

Figure 1. Actinmys pallida, oblique left-side view showing white band on cheek and yellow pastron (ventral side of carapace). Estimated length of entire animal: 7 inches.

Figure 2. A. pallida, oblique right-side view showing yellow ventral side of carapace. Estimated length of entire animal: 8 inches.

Figure 3. A. pallida, frontal view showing yellow ventral side of carapace, as well as yellow stripes on neck. Estimated width 4.5 inches.

REFERENCES CONSULTED

Ebele, J.J. and D.R. Greenwood. 2012. Life at the top of the greenhouse Eocene world-a review of the Eocene flora and vertebrate fauna from Canada’s High Arctic. Geological Society of America Bulletin, Jan/Feb 2012:124, no. 1/2, pp. 3-23. [This is not a free pdf].

Reid, K. and three others. 1967. Golden Nature Book “Pond Life”: A guide to common plants and animals of North American ponds and lakes. Western Publishing Co., New York, 160 pp.

GAZANIA FLOWERS: A POPULAR HEARTY PLANT

Its classification is:

Kingdom Plantae

Order Astales

Family Asteracea (this is the daisy family)

Genus Gazania

Species G. rigens

Gazania belongs to a family that is native to southern Africa, namely South Africa and Mozambique.

Many of the species of this plant are hard to distinguish from one another; therefore, the number species varies widely depending on the specialist worker. In 2009, a much-needed molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that many of the so-called species of this plant are not really separate from one another. They form a species complex, consisting of about 16 recognized living species (Howis et al., 2009). The flowers of these plants come in various colors, with yellow and orange shades being the most common.

Gazania flowers are easy to grow. They thrive as ground-cover, when growing in full sunlight. A single plant can live for several years because Gazania is a perennial plant. They “come back,” year after year, via their seeds (“it reseeds” itself). They are hearty and drought-tolerant, and they prefer low altitude, temperate regions. They only rarely live in tropical areas. 

Their flowers “close” up at night and during cloudy days. The abundant petals on the flowers have a dark starburst or ring pattern of black dots surrounding their golden center.

If ingested, all parts of this plant are poisonous to humans. Nevertheless, herbivores, like rabbits, squirrels, and deer eat them.

The fossil record of this plant is poorly known. Apparently, it dates to to Pleistocene time (Willis and Niklas, 2004).

Figure 1. Two typical color varieties of Gazania flowers.

Figure 2. Some additional color varieties of Gazania flowers.

Figure 3. Gazania flowers "close up"in the late afternoon and early morning, when the sun's radiation is not very strong. 

References Cited:

Howis, S., N. P. Barker, and L. Mucina. 2009. Globally grown, put poorly known: species limited and a biogeography of Gazania Gaertn. (Asteraceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data. Taxon 58(3):871-882.

Willis, K. J. and Niklas, K. J. 2004. The role of Quaternary environmental change in plant macroevolution: the exception or the rule? Philos. Trans., Series B 359:159–172.